BY NC ND

ISSN-impreso 1390-7581

ISSN-digital 2661-6742

Volumen 19

Número 3

REE 19(3) Riobamba sep. - dic. 2025

The quality of life of patients with respiratory symptoms

La calidad de vida de pacientes con síntomas respiratorios

https://doi.org/10.37135/ee.04.24.02

Authors:

Jessica Paola Chancusig Palacios - https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1574-7943

Lizbeth Alexandra García Tapia - https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6631-1588

Javier Caiza Lema - https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2393-3885

Affiliation:

Claudio Benati Hospital. Cotopaxi – Ecuador

Technical University of Ambato. Physiotherapy Program. Ambato, Ecuador

Corresponding author: Jessica Paola Chancusig Palacios. Claudio Benati Hospital. Cotopaxi –

Ecuador. E-mail: chancusigjessica4@gmail.com Telephone: 096 193 1766

Received: april, 30 2025 Accepted: august,1 2025

ABSTRACT

Population aging is associated with physiological changes and chronic diseases, such as COPD,

which significantly impact quality of life (QoL). This study examines the relationship between

respiratory symptoms and quality of life in rural patients, utilizing the St. George's Respiratory

Questionnaire (SGRQ) and the modified British Medical Research Council (mMRC) dyspnoea

scale. An observational and prospective study was conducted in 40 patients aged 40 to 90 years who

were treated at the Claudio Benati Hospital in Zumbahua, Pujilí Town, Cotopaxi Province.

Demographic variables, respiratory symptoms, and quality of life were assessed using SGRQ and

mMRC. The sample was obtained by convenience sampling, excluding those who did not meet

the established criteria. The sample included 65 % women and 35 % men, with a mean age of

63.6 years. The most prevalent respiratory symptoms were cough (100 %) and dyspnea (100 %).

The SGRQ showed an average impairment of 72.5 %, with physical activity being the most compromised

dimension (87.3 %). The mMRC indicated moderate to severe dyspnea, with 60 % of participants

in grade 3. A significant relationship was found between exacerbations and quality of life (rho = 0.67,

p < 0.001), but not between symptom frequency and individual dimensions. The results demonstrate

a significant decline in the quality of life of patients with respiratory symptoms, underscoring the

utility of tools such as the SGRQ and mMRC in assessing impact and guiding clinical interventions

in vulnerable populations.

Keywords: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, quality of life, dyspnea, rural population.

RESUMEN

El envejecimiento poblacional está asociado a cambios fisiológicos y enfermedades crónicas, como la

EPOC, que impactan significativamente en la calidad de vida (CV). Este estudio evalúa la relación entre

síntomas respiratorios y calidad de vida en pacientes rurales, empleando el Cuestionario Respiratorio de

St. George (CRSG) y la escala de disnea modificada del British Medical Research Council (mMRC).

Se realizó un estudio observacional y prospectivo en 40 pacientes de 40 a 90 años atendidos en el

Hospital Claudio Benati, de Zumbahua, cantón Pujilí, provincia de Cotopaxi. Se evaluaron variables

demográficas, síntomas respiratorios y calidad de vida mediante CRSG y mMRC. La muestra se

obtuvo por conveniencia, excluyendo a quienes no cumplían los criterios establecidos. La muestra

incluyó 65 % mujeres y 35 % hombres, con media de edad de 63,6 años. Los síntomas respiratorios más

prevalentes fueron tos (100 %) y disnea (100 %). El CRSG mostró una afectación promedio del 72,5 %,

siendo la actividad física la dimensión más comprometida (87,3 %). La mMRC indicó disnea moderada

a severa, con 60 % de participantes en grado 3. Se encontró una relación significativa entre exacerbaciones

y calidad de vida (rho=0,67, p<0,001), pero no entre frecuencia de síntomas y dimensiones individuales.

Los resultados evidencian una reducción considerable en la calidad de vida de pacientes con síntomas

respiratorios, destacando la utilidad de herramientas como CRSG y mMRC para evaluar impacto y

guiar intervenciones clínicas en poblaciones vulnerables.

Palabras clave: enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, calidad de vida, disnea, población rural.

INTRODUCTION

The older adult age group is a population experiencing exponential growth, undergoing multiple

morphological, physiological, biochemical, and psychological changes that expose individuals to

significant physical and mental limitations.(1,2)

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 12.5 % of the total population is over 60 years

old. This figure is expected to increase to 29.7 % by 2060.(3) The condition of being an older adult

reveals a functional and structural deterioration due to physiological changes such as decreased protein

synthesis, decreased bone density, alterations in the motor plate, and loss of brain mass, giving rise to

scenarios of chronic pathologies. Within this concept are cardiopulmonary diseases that have socioeconomic

significance due to the discriminated increase in cases and the care they require.(4,5)

The WHO(6) estimates indicate that approximately 30 % to 40 % of cases of chronic respiratory diseases

are related to indoor air pollution, in addition to exposure to dust and working in polluted environments,(7,8)

while acute cases are mainly associated with seasonal changes.(9) These figures increase in low- and

middle-income countries, where primary health care systems often have difficulties in diagnosis,

delaying care, especially for populations in areas with limited access, such as rural areas.(10)

All the changes that occur during the aging process have a significant impact on psychomotor skills,

which in turn determine the quality of life. This concept relates to several value judgments that

become self-attributable to the underlying pathology or condition itself and the limitations it produces.(11)

The fact that it is associated with subjective components makes it difficult to find a metric to quantify

it, tacitly evidencing the need to standardize tests, especially on older adults with a fragile condition.(12,13)

Respiratory pathologies such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are one of the conditions

that most compromise quality of life. Recent epidemiological data, such as those collected in the 2023

Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study, show that COPD has a prevalence of 6 % in the global

population and is also associated with a considerable deterioration in quality of life.(14,15)

Respiratory symptoms serve as an indicator or predictor of respiratory pathology, providing insight

into its progression or worsening, and can also help identify limitations in daily living activities, exercise,

and work performance.(16) In this way, information on respiratory symptoms should be considered of

vital importance for epidemiological studies, especially in rural areas, to generate baselines that

favor the development of a timely intervention. It should also be considered an important aspect in

comprehensive care,(17) being essential the application of effective evaluation instruments or batteries

that provide reliable and valid data on respiratory symptoms in different populations, such as those

offered by the Saint George Questionnaire (CRSG), applied to the Latin American population, which

has allowed to glimpse the real situation of chronic and acute respiratory pathologies.(18,19)

In Ecuador, although the St George test carried out by Rivadeneira has been validated since 2025,(20)

scientific evidence on respiratory symptoms and their effect on the quality of life in people in rural

areas is limited; studies such as that of Caini et al (2019) found that in Ecuador the highest influenza

activity due to viral respiratory infections occurs in December and January.(21)

In Zumbahua, a rural parish of Pujilí, a highland area of Cotopaxi province, the majority of the

inhabitants are registered as indigenous; most of them are engaged in agriculture.(22) These areas do

not have all the basic services, so access to hospitals or health care centers is a real challenge.(23, 24)

Previous studies, such as those by Ibrahim et al.,( 25) have confirmed the pre-existing idea of the

relationship between chronic respiratory symptoms and alterations in quality of life across the physical,

psychological, and social spheres. Therefore, their early detection would improve the independence,

autonomy, and well-being of patients who suffer from them.(26)

Under this premise, this study aimed to identify the quality of life of patients with respiratory symptoms

living in rural areas who attend the Claudio Benati Hospital.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This research was developed through an observational and prospective qualitative-quantitative

approach carried out on 40 patients between 40 and 90 years old selected by non-probabilistic

convenience sampling, all from the rural area of Zumbahua, who were part of the program for patients

with respiratory pathology behaviors and were under biweekly follow-up at the Claudio Benati

Hospital in Zumbahua, Pujilí canton, Cotopaxi province, in the period between 31 Oct 2023 to 6 Jan

2024. Patients with neurological disorders or mental health conditions that make communication

impossible, with difficulty understanding and answering questions, patients outside the Zumbahua

parish during the study, and those who did not agree to sign the informed consent were excluded.

The instrument used was the Saint George Questionnaire (SGRQ), specifically designed to evaluate

the quality of life in patients with COPD, consisting of 50 questions organized on a 0 -5 point Likert

scale.(27) According to the questionnaire, it has a cohort point where the higher the result, the worse the



than 0.70 for all components. In addition, high sensitivity and specificity have been demonstrated

under an ROC analysis, with a value of 0.92 (95 % IC 0.85 to 0.99) for COPD. Similarly, it exhibits

               

COPD.(28, 29)

On the other hand, the modified dyspnea scale of the British Medical Research Council (mMRC) was

also applied, which measures the severity of dyspnea in patients with COPD based on their perception

of the disease, it consists of 5 items scored between 0 and 4.(30) Being an easy-to-apply scale makes it

accessible and feasible to implement in COPD; a sensitivity ranging from 66 % to 81 %, specificity

from 56 % to 70 % with a ROC curve between 0.62 to 0.76 has been shown.(31)

As regards this study, data on demographic variables such as age, sex (M/F), marital status

(married/single/divorced/free union/widowed), weight (kg), height (cm), language (Spanish/-

Quichua), the location of the communities and addresses of each patient will be used;. In contrast, the

analysis variables are respiratory symptoms, which are physical manifestations such as cough, phlegm,

shortness of breath, chest noises.(27)

The intervention protocol was evaluated and authorized by the Research Ethics Committee of the

University of the Americas (CEISH-UDLA), as well as authorization from the General Director of the

Claudio Benatti Hospital in Zumbahua and the president of the Zumbahua Rural Parish GAD (Group

of Rural Parishes), representing the rural population.

RESULTS

Of the total participants, 14 (35 %) were men and 26 (65 %) were women, with ages ranging from

42 to 90 years, with a mean of 63.63 (SD 14.208). According to the weight, the mean was 56.12 kg

(SD 10.14), and the mean height was 1.5 m (SD 0.07). Regarding the marital status of the partici-

pants, 1 (2.5 %) was single, 34 (85 %) were married, and 5 (12.5 %) were widowed. Regarding the

community to which the participants belong, 3 (7.5 %) were from Yanaturo, 6 (15 %) from

Yanashpa, 7 (17.5 %) from Saraugsha, 11 (27.5 %) from Chami, 6 (15 %) from Michacala, and 7

(17.5 %) from Pucaugsha, as expressed in Table 1.

Table 1. Sociodemographic data

Note: (SD: standard deviation)

The weighting of the Saint George Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) related to quality of life was

scored according to the recommendations that propose a value of 0 to 100 for the total score of the

questionnaire.(32) In addition, a reductionist numerical analysis that gives each sphere a total score

(symptoms 566.2; activity 982.9; impact 1652.8) and the weighting obtained separately by dividing

the sum of the weights by the maximum possible weighting for each component and expressing the

result as a percentage.(33) Concerning the respiratory symptoms detected, they presented cough and

shortness of breath, phlegm and noises in the respiratory cycle, obtaining an average level of 72.5 %

(±16.6), these values demonstrate that in general there is a considerable affectation where the most

affected sphere was physical activity with 87.3 % (±16.63) followed by symptoms with 68.67 %

(±19.75) and 65.9 % (±21.51) in the impact expressed in table 2.

Table 2. Results of respiratory symptoms and SGRQ

Exacerbation of respiratory symptoms

Figure 1 shows the percentage of symptom exacerbation, measured using the modified Medical

Research Council dyspnea scale (mMRC). 60 % of the sample presented a level 3, corresponding to

a state where dyspnea requires stopping to rest after walking about 100 meters or after a few minutes

of walking on flat ground; followed by 22.5 % with level 2, reflecting a sensation where dyspnea

causes them to be unable to keep up with other people of the same age walking on flat ground or

having to stop to rest when walking on flat ground at their own pace; and 17.5 % with level 4, corres-

ponding to a sensation where dyspnea prevents the patient from leaving home or occurs with activi-

ties such as dressing or undressing. These data reveal a considerable impact on the well-being and

normal functioning of the participants, which could have a significant effect on their quality of life.

Figure 1. Level of exacerbation of respiratory symptoms, measured through the mMRC

Distribution of the sample of agreement to the frequency of the respiratory symptoms and the

community

In Table 3, observe that most of the participants presented four respiratory symptoms, of which 9

(22.5 %) live in Chami, 6 (15.0 %) in Yanashpa, 5 (12.5 %) in Saraugsha and Michala, while 4 (10.0

%) live in Pucaugsha and 2 (5.0 %) in Yanaturo.

Table 3. Sample distribution, frequency of respiratory symptoms, and community

Correlation between variables

To assess the normal distribution of the data for each variable, the Shapiro-Wilk normality test was

applied, given that the sample size was smaller than 50 participants. The impact variable (0.063)

exhibited a normal distribution, whereas the remaining variables did not, as shown in Table 4. Therefore,

a nonparametric test was required to measure the correlation between the variables.

Table 4. Data normality test

Table 5 presents the correlation between variables, indicating a p-value of 0.000 between quality of

life (QoL) and symptom exacerbation (mMRC). This reflects a direct, moderate-to-high positive

correlation, with a Spearman correlation coefficient of 0.67. The relationship between symptom

frequency and overall QoL, as well as by dimension, showed a p-value of 0.325 for the total, 0.66

for symptoms, 0.761 for activity, and 0.315 for impact. The correlation between symptom frequency

and mMRC also showed a p-value of 0.799. These data indicate a correlation only between quality

of life and symptom exacerbation.

Board 5. Evidence of correlation between variables

DISCUSSION

This study, conducted among patients with respiratory symptoms from rural areas treated at the Claudio

Benatti Hospital, collected information on the level of quality of life, measured using the SGRQ scale.

The majority of participants were women (65 %) with an average age of 63.63; these data are similar to

those reported by De la Torre et al.,(34) who found that 18.2 % of 450 patients over 40 years of age

presented chronic respiratory symptoms, affecting more people between 60 and 70 years of age, with a

predominance in the female sex (59.8 %).

Regarding respiratory symptoms, a large proportion of older adults in this study experienced cough and

shortness of breath, followed by phlegm production and chest noises, which may be associated with the

combustion of materials such as firewood or charcoal for cooking in rural areas. (35,36) The high

prevalence of cough in households where biomass fuel is used is consistent with the findings of Wafula

et al.(37) When examining the frequency of respiratory symptoms among the participants by community.

It was observed that the majority (77.5 %) presented with four symptoms, predominantly from the

Chami and Yanashpa communities.

The analysis of quality of life utilized the SGRQ instrument, which has been reported to be more applicable

for patients with COPD, offering the same clinical value as tools such as the COPD Assessment Test

(CAT)(38) and the Chronic Respiratory Questionnaire (CRQ).(39) A point to highlight is the high reliability

of the questionnaire to be related to functional limitations, obtaining scores between 0.7 and 0.8, which

ranges from moderate to adequate.(40)

An average of 72.5 % of the affected area was obtained, which, according to the internationally proposed

estimate, indicates a considerable decrease if 100 % is set as the base value for the maximum conditioning

criterion of quality of life.(41) The most affected areas were activity (87.3 %), symptoms (68.67 %), and

impact (65.9 %). These results show a population with high functional deterioration due to respiratory

symptoms, coinciding with previous studies such as those of Lee et al., where 71.4 % of patients with

COPD had mild airflow limitation measured by spirometry, of which 59.6 % had a high punctual, being

presumptive for alteration of the quality of life.(42) It has been seen that the psychometric properties of

the SGRQ mean that it is not for exclusive use in COPD, as mentioned in the systematic review by

McLeese et al. where when applied to patients with bronchiectasis it presents a high reliability index,(43)

an idea countered by Daudey et al. who mention the SGRQ as lacking a partial view of the impact of the

disease, which restricts its capacity to guide therapeutic decisions comprehensively.(44)

The results obtained show a considerable reduction in the quality of life associated with the presence of

respiratory symptoms, both acute and chronic, similar to the studies by Bolívar et al.,(45) who reported an

overall impact of 26.9 % in patients exposed to tobacco. In comparison, Rodríguez et al.(46) found an

overall average of 52.1 % in symptoms, 79.3 % in activity, and 55.7 % in impact in patients with COPD.

Finally, regarding the exacerbation of respiratory symptoms, measured using the mMRC scale, dyspnea

was found at levels between 2 and 4, with a higher proportion (60 %) at level 3, characterized by a

feeling of shortness of breath that forces one to stop before walking 100 meters or after a few minutes

on flat terrain. When considering symptom exacerbation by sex. It was observed that both women and

men predominantly presented grade 3 dyspnea, with 40 % and 20 % respectively. Similarly, the correlation

analysis between quality of life, as quantified by SGRQ, and symptom exacerbation, as measured by

mMRC, showed a significant relationship (p = 0.000), with a Spearman's rho of 0.6, indicating a moderate

to high correlation. However, no significant correlation was found between symptom frequency and the

SGRQ, nor between symptom frequency and the mMRC, which could be due to the short recording

period for symptom frequency. These data coincide with those shown by Phua et al.,(47) where in patients

with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, the mMRC had a consistent relationship with the quality of life

(r=0.52), identifying the inexorable presence of worse psychological state, such as presenting depression

and functional deterioration.

The limitations of this study relate to the type of design used, which only allows for describing the quali-

ty of life in patients with respiratory symptoms, without establishing a precise correlation between quali-

ty of life and the exacerbation of symptoms by individual sphere reported.

CONCLUSION

A significant relationship was found between quality of life and respiratory symptoms. This suggests

that assessing quality of life in patients with respiratory symptoms could be a helpful tool for monitoring

patients and anticipating potential complications in acute respiratory illnesses or exacerbations of

chronic diseases. This assessment can contribute to a better understanding of patient needs, enabling

comprehensive treatment and improved clinical outcomes. Despite existing limitations, the data

obtained can serve as a basis for future randomized studies and the development of preventive strategies

for managing chronic respiratory diseases. Detailed recording of respiratory symptom exacerbations

is also suggested in patients requiring long-term monitoring.

Conflict of interest: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Contribution statement: All authors contributed to the conception, preparation, and development

of the manuscript.

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