REE 20(2) Riobamba may. - ago 2026

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ISSN-impreso 1390-7581

ISSN-digital 2661-6742

Dating Violence and Suicidal Ideation in Ecuadorian Youth

Violencia en el noviazgo e ideación suicida en jóvenes ecuatorianos

https://doi.org/10.37135/ee.04.26.03

Authors:

Mayra Elizabeth Castillo Gonzáles1 - https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1419-7452

Michelle Stephanie Medina Herdoíza1 - https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4430-206X

Ariela Denise Orbea Cevallos1 - https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4342-6199

Gabriel Estalin Osorio Vizcaino1 - https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0263-0544

Patricia Janeth Pitta Vargas1 - https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8937-8733

Affiliation:

1Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, SEK International University, Quito

170125, Ecuador

Corresponding author: Mayra Elizabeth Castillo Gonzáles . SEK International University. Mailing

address: 170125. Email: mayra.castillog@uisek.edu.ec. Telephone: +593 98 390 6611.

Received: February, 06 2026 Accepted: May, 1 2026

ABSTRACT

Dating violence constitutes a significant public health problem due to its serious repercussions on victims.

This research aimed to analyze the relationship between dating violence and suicidal ideation among young

people in Ecuador, as well as to identify whether there are differences in these variables based on gender.

This research employed a quantitative, descriptive, and correlational approach, using a non-experimental,

cross-sectional design. A non-probabilistic snowball sampling method was used, yielding a sample of 1 293

university students, who were administered the Dating Violence Questionnaire (DVQ) and the Paykel Suicide

Ideation Scale (PSS). It was found that 40.6 % of the participants experienced dating violence. Furthermore,

gender differences were identified in the levels of dating violence and suicidal ideation; Likewise, a significant

relationship was found between both variables (dating violence and suicidal ideation). It was concluded that

dating violence constitutes a significant problem associated with suicidal ideation, highlighting the need to

develop comprehensive prevention and intervention programs.

Keywords: Violence, Mental Health, Death.

RESUMEN

La violencia en el noviazgo constituye un importante problema de salud pública debido a sus graves repercusiones

en las víctimas. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la relación entre la violencia en el noviazgo y la

ideación suicida en jóvenes ecuatorianos, así como también identificar si existen diferencias en estas variables

en función del género. Para esta investigación se empleó un enfoque cuantitativo, descriptivo y correlacional,

con un diseño no experimental y transversal. Se utilizó un muestro no probabilístico de tipo bola de nieve,

mediante el cual se obtuvo una muestra de 1 293 estudiantes universitarios, a quienes se les aplicó el Cuestionario

de Violencia en el Noviazgo (CUVINO) y la Escala de Ideación Suicida de Paykel (PSS). Se encontró que el

40,6 % de los participantes experimentó violencia en el noviazgo. Además, se identificaron diferencias de

género en los niveles de violencia en las relaciones de noviazgo y en la ideación suicida; asimismo se evidenció

una relación significativa entre ambas variables (violencia en el noviazgo e ideación suicida). Se concluye que

la violencia en el noviazgo constituye una problemática relevante asociada a la ideación suicida, lo que resalta

la necesidad de desarrollar programas integrales de prevención e intervención.

Palabras clave: violencia, salud mental, muerte.

INTRODUCTION

Dating violence (DV) is a social problem that significantly affects adolescents and young adults, regardless

of their social, cultural, and economic status.

(1,2)

It has a high prevalence worldwide,

(3,4)

with reports indicating

that both men and women can be victims of this type of violence, predominantly psychological. In Ecuador,

studies also reveal alarming data on the frequency of this type of violence in the population.

(5,6)

For example,

one study

(5)

revealed that 90.4 % of young men and 88.1 % of young women have experienced violence in

their dating relationships, showing a high frequency. However, another study

(7)

found that women are, to a

greater extent, victims.

Violence against women (VAW) manifests through one or more acts of physical aggression—such as hair

pulling, hitting, or pushing—sexual aggression—such as non-consensual touching or sexual abuse—and

psychological aggression—such as teasing, insults, and manipulation.

(8)

VAW can also be reciprocal or

bidirectional, as both partners can be victims or perpetrators of violence, which is a particular characteristic

of this type of aggression.

(4,9)

Other characteristics include: 1) lack of formality in the relationship, such as

the absence of a common-law marriage or marital bond; 2) absence of economic dependence or violence

toward children; 3) short-term or non-extensive relationships; and 4) occurrence at early stages of life, when

young people detach from their primary ties to establish early relationships.

(10,11)

Violence in dating relationships causes serious physical and psychological effects. Physically, victims may

experience anything from physical injuries to chronic illnesses resulting from constant stress and persistent

emotional distress.

(12)

Psychologically, the consequences tend to be more severe and complex. Constant

exposure to violence can lead to mental health disorders such as anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress,

and other emotional disturbances that affect both overall well-being and quality of life.

(13,14)

Suicidal ideation, understood as recurrent thoughts about taking one's own life,

(15)

is one of the problems

associated with domestic violence.

(16)

For example, one study

(17)

found that adolescent girls who experienced

domestic violence were more likely to plan suicide. In particular, those who suffered physical or sexual

violence had a significantly higher risk of developing a suicide plan, with this risk being especially elevated

among Latina adolescents compared to Caucasian adolescents. However, another study

(18)

showed that both

men and women who were victims of psychological violence in dating relationships had a higher probability

of subsequent suicidal ideation, with no significant differences by gender.

These findings highlight the significant relationship between domestic violence and suicidal ideation,

especially psychological violence, which is associated with a higher risk of suicidal thoughts over time. In

the Ecuadorian context, where social and cultural norms can perpetuate or minimize violence in intimate

partner relationships, domestic violence could be an even more serious problem.

(19)

Suicidal ideation is one

of the most frequent public health problems in Ecuador,

(20,21)

and understanding its relationship with domestic

violence allows for a better interpretation of this phenomenon.

Furthermore, studies have focused on women experiencing intimate partner violence, whether marital or

dating,

(2,22,23)

neglecting the analysis of young men. Therefore, comprehensive information on this issue is

needed to design more effective and contextualized intervention programs for the Ecuadorian population.

The objective of this research was to analyze the relationship between dating violence and suicidal ideation

in young Ecuadorians, as well as to identify whether there are differences in these variables based on gender.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This research employed a quantitative approach with a descriptive and explanatory scope. It described the

study variables at a specific point in time. It applied statistical analyses to determine the relationship between

dating violence and suicidal ideation, as well as their potential causal association, using a non-experimental,

cross-sectional design. Furthermore, it was a field study, as psychological tests were administered to the

participants.

Participants

The study population consisted of 12 012 467 individuals from various provinces of Ecuador. The final

sample comprised 1 293 university students, selected via nonprobability snowball sampling. This sampling

method was chosen due to its ease of access to the target population. To minimize potential selection bias,

dissemination channels were diversified (academic and social networks), and clear inclusion criteria were

established (university students who provided informed consent and participated voluntarily). Participants

completed the questionnaires online and anonymously. Of the participants, 502 were male, and 671 were

female; the mean age was 22.35 years (SD = 4.76).

Collecting Data

The Dating Violence Questionnaire (CUVINO) is a tool that measures the victimization of young people in

their dating relationships; it has been validated in a young Hispanic American population.

(24)

It is an instrument

consisting of 42 Likert-type items with five response options (0 = "never" and 4 = "very frequently"). The 42

items are grouped into four types of violence: psychological, physical, sexual, and instrumental, which can

be categorized as absent, mild, moderate, and severe. To identify psychological violence, one of the

questions is: Does he/she humiliate you in public?; for physical violence: Has he/she hit you?; for sexual

violence: Does he/she insist on touching that is unpleasant and that you do not want?; and for instrumental

violence: Has he/she put you in debt? The reliability of the overall questionnaire was high (α = 0.98) as well

as in the dimensions of psychological violence (α = 0.97), physical violence (α = 0.85), sexual violence (α = 0.89),

and instrumental violence (α = 0.88).

The Paykel Suicide Scale (PSS) is an instrument that assesses the presence and severity of suicidal thoughts

or "suicidal ideation"

(25)

through five questions that range from thoughts to planning or attempting suicide.

For example: "Have you reached the point where you would consider taking your own life or made plans

about how you would do it?" The questions are "yes"/"no" type, and affirmative responses are coded as "1"

and negative responses as "0" for statistical analysis. Theoretically, higher scores indicated greater severity.

The PSS could be used as an assessment instrument or as a screening tool for suicidal behavior in various assessment

settings (e.g., educational, healthcare, social). The scale demonstrates good internal consistency (α = 0.85).

Data processing

The data were processed, cleaned, and coded before analysis. Missing and outlier values were checked, and

the variables were correctly assigned. Scores were calculated for the dimensions of dating violence and suici-

dal ideation. The assumption of data normality was verified using skewness and kurtosis indexes, with values

within acceptable ranges (±1), allowing the use of parametric tests. The sample size (N = 1 293) was conside-

red adequate to ensure the stability of the results.

Statistical analysis

The sample size was deemed adequate for correlational and comparative-group analyses, providing sufficient

statistical power to detect small and moderate effects. Various statistical tests were applied: the Student's

t-test was used to compare differences by gender; Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to analyze the

association between variables; and a factorial ANOVA was applied to examine the effect of dating violence

levels and gender on suicidal ideation.

Ethical aspects

This research was conducted in accordance with the institutional ethical principles of UISEK and the American

Psychological Association (APA) guidelines, ensuring respect for participants' dignity, confidentiality, and

voluntary participation. The UISEK Ethics Committee approved the project entitled "Psychological Factors

as Predictors of Mental Health in the Ecuadorian Population Over 18 Years of Age: A Time-Scale Study from

March to May 2024," with the code CEISH-UISEK-EXEO-2024-002, thus enabling the execution of this

research.

RESULTS

Regarding overall dating violence, 40.6 % of participants reported experiencing violence, while 59.4 % inDecated

they had not. Statistically significant differences were also observed between men and women regarding the

types of dating violence (DV). For psychological, instrumental, and total violence, men had higher mean

scores compared to women. In contrast, women showed slightly higher mean scores for physical and sexual

violence.

Regarding suicidal ideation, statistically significant differences were also observed, with women showing

higher mean scores compared to men. This information is presented in Table 1.

Table 1. Gender differences according to types of dating violence and suicidal ideation

Low-magnitude, significant positive correlations were found between suicidal ideation and all types of

dating violence (r = 0.242–0.250, p < 0.001). The results show that greater intensity of dating violence is

associated with greater suicidal ideation in the study sample, as presented in Table 2.

Table 2. Relationship between types of dating violence and suicidal ideation

A factorial ANOVA revealed a significant effect of the level of dating violence on suicidal ideation,

F(2 1150) = 41.29, p < 0.001, indicating that higher levels of violence are associated with higher scores for

suicidal ideation. However, the interaction between the level of dating violence and gender was not statistically

significant, F(2 1150) = 1.16, p = 0.314, indicating that the relationship between dating violence and suicidal

ideation is similar for both genders (see Table 3).

Table 3. Factorial ANOVA: levels of dating violence and gender on suicidal ideation

DISCUSSION

Dating violence (DV) is a significant problem in the Ecuadorian population, occurring with considerable

frequency in both men and women. In this study, men presented slightly higher scores on overall violence,

which aligns with recent research

(5,6,9)

indicating the presence of bidirectional dynamics in adolescent and

young adult dating relationships, where both members can play the roles of victims and perpetrators. These

results suggest that, unlike other types of violence—such as spousal and domestic violence, characterized by

power imbalances—DV can present more reciprocal roles.

(26)

Regarding the types of violence, men showed higher levels of psychological and instrumental violence,

which could be related to emotional manipulation, control, or devaluation within the relationship. This

information coincides with the study by Castillo et al.

(5)

, who showed that Ecuadorian university students

were more likely to be victims of mild psychological violence. However, in that same study, they identified

that severe psychological violence was more prevalent among women, highlighting the complexity of these

dynamics and the need for deeper analysis according to levels of severity. In contrast, women scored higher

in sexual and physical violence. This finding is consistent with other research,

(2,27–29)

which showed greater

female vulnerability in these forms of violence, possibly linked to physical differences and bodily vulnerability,

gender norms, sociocultural factors, and relational power dynamics.

Therefore, gender emerges as an important variable in the analysis of dating violence, as the dynamics of

violence differ depending on this modality. The results of this study agree that women tend to experience

more severe forms of violence, especially physical and sexual violence.

(5)

This shows that, while bidirectional

patterns of violence against women may exist, structural and contextual inequalities persist, placing women

in a vulnerable position. As the WHO estimates, approximately 30% of women worldwide have experienced

these types of violence from their partners,

(1,2)

which had serious consequences for their physical and mental

health.

Regarding suicidal ideation, female participants scored higher; this result is consistent with other studies

(30,31)

that report a higher prevalence of suicidal thoughts in women. This result may be due to emotional, social,

and biological factors, including a greater tendency to internalize psychological distress, greater interperso-

nal sensitivity, and exposure to relational stressors.

(32)

Furthermore, a relationship was found between NIV and suicidal ideation, which supports previous findings

that show that victims of intimate partner violence can have serious mental health problems, mainly linked

to internalizing disorders such as anxiety and depression.

(14,33–35)

Young victims of NIV may experience thoughts

related to death, which, in some cases, continue with suicidal planning and even behavior.

(32)

Regarding gender, it was not shown to be a determining factor between domestic violence and suicidal ideation,

suggesting that both men and women who experience violence can have suicidal thoughts.

(36)

That is, the

emotional impact of intimate partner violence transcends gender differences; therefore, prevention and

intervention programs on violence must be comprehensive and not focus on a specific gender.

This study has some limitations. First, social desirability bias may have led several participants to not fully

express their experiences for fear of criticism or rejection, resulting in more acceptable responses. Second,

the study used non-probability sampling, so generalizations cannot be made. Third, the study used a quantitative,

cross-sectional approach. It was recommended that a qualitative or mixed-methods approach be used to

enrich the investigation with more detailed information and to delve deeper into these phenomena. Fourth,

the study sample was mostly female, although the difference was not considerable; this distribution could be

due to the higher number of women in higher education institutions.

(37)

Despite these limitations, this research provides relevant information on intimate partner violence and suicidal

ideation, very common problems in Ecuador, offering data on this relationship and the role of gender. These

results suggest the importance of developing comprehensive prevention strategies and interventions that are

sensitive to the dynamics of victimization, regardless of gender, and not focused exclusively on one gender,

coinciding with previous studies that highlight the importance of addressing violence from an integrative

approach, considering the complexity and bidirectionality of its manifestations.

(5)

CONCLUSIONS

This study showed that bullying affects both men and women, although with different dynamics. While

suicidal ideation was more prevalent in women, the relationship between bullying and suicidal ideation was

present in both genders. Therefore, gender did not act as a determining factor in the psychological impact,

highlighting the need to create comprehensive prevention and intervention strategies for all young people,

regardless of their gender.

Funding: This work was supported by a grant from DII-P082526, Directorate of Research and Innovation of

SEK International University (UISEK) for MCG, MSMH, AOC, GOV, PPV

Conflicts of interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Contribution: Conceptualization, MCG; methodology, MCG; research, MCG; data curation, MCG; formal

analysis, MCG; writing—preparation of the original draft, MCG; writing—revision and editing, MCG and

MSMH; supervision and final validation of the manuscript, AOC, GOV, and PPV. All authors have read and

accepted the published version of the manuscript.

Informed Consent Statement: Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.

Data Availability Statement: Datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available

from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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